The Great Levittown Impact Essay -- Urban Sprawl Urbanization Essays

The Great Levittown Impact The third listing for the definition of sprawl in the Merriam-Websters mental lexicon is as follows to spread or develop irregularly. Unfortunately, this is the pattern, or lack thereof, with which Americas development is following. Every single day the world creation rises, and these new babies have to live somewhere. Due to the fact that the birth rate is larger than that of the death rate in America (http//www.bartleby.com/151/a24.html), new homes and communities must be developed to accommodate all of the incoming masses. This fundamental concept is coupled by another very powerful driving force prompting people to live in the suburbs of America, and that is greed. The economy makes available to the country a degree of ownership never before matched in our history, and people are winning reinforcement of it. This idea drives people to move from the congested, smoky, and frantic cities to the serenity of the countryside, where they h ave the opportunity to own much more land and live a more sedate life. For a time this worked very nicely as portrayed in the incredible success of the communities created by William Levitt. Levittown was a dream of William Levitt, which encompassed the idea that all Ameri foots can afford a home in the country. It was a success in the time of its creation, but we are beginning to see the dangers that this type of super egression brings along with it. Urban sprawl is an issue that will require much attention in the future, to prevent the negative effects that are already taking their toll. Expansion has been the trend of human civilization developments ever since agriculture allowed man to settle into permanent communities. The cast... ...gether to create economic and environmental prosperity. BibliographyBusiness 2.0, The sultans of Sprawl, Ed Brown, http//www.business2.com/articles/mag/0,1640,4887,FF.html, 1999Levittown at Fifty, Growing Pains, Geoffrey Mohan , http//www.lihistory.com/specsec/hslevtwo.htm, 2002Bartleby.com, World Fact Book 2001, Birth Rate, http//www.bartleby.com/151/a24.html, 2001Florida Sustainable Community Center, The Historical Roots of Sprawl, Joseph Smyth, Excerpted from The sparing Power of Sustainable Development Building the New American Dream, a chapter in Sustainable Cities Concepts and Strategies for Eco-City Development, Eco-Home Media, http//sustainable.state.fl.us/fdi/fscc/news/world/rtsprawl.htm, 1998Environmental Protection dresser OMS Fact Sheet 3, Automobiles and Carbon Monoxide, http//www.epa.gov/otaq/03-co.htm, 1993

Growth for the Future: Biofuels Essay -- Economics Economy Papers

Growth for the Future BiofuelsThe internal combustion locomotive engine, so vital for sustaining Americas burgeoning economy, is omnipresent in most vehicles from the greatest semis to the smallest economy cars. The combustion engine is also a mode of transportation that is fraught with problems, both costing billions of U.S. dollars to fuel and do enormous air pollution problems. Iowa, the nations largest producer of corn and a leading agricultural state, may have the solution to the problems caused by the enormous burden of gasoline and diesel powered engines, biofuel. Biofuels coming out of Iowa include biodiesel, a diesel fuel additive, and ethanol, a gasoline additive. Both are locally produced products that reduce domestic dependence on volatile foreign oil prices, lower polluting emissions and stimulate the local economy.Every internal combustion engine is built the same. It is composed of a varying number of fuel-saturated gas-filled chambers called cylinders. Each cylinde r is grow and compressed by a piston, driven by a rotating arm called a crankshaft. Every time the piston is pushed into the cylinder, gas inside is compressed to most 6 to 10 times atmospheric pressure. At this instant of maximum pressure, the gasoline-saturated air is ignited by a spark and the mixture literally explodes, causing the gas to expand rapidly and force the piston back down, then to come back up again to repeat the process20. When the piston is pushed back down, the crankshaft rotates and performs diddle which can be harnessed to drive the vehicle. This process, unfortunately, does not capture all of the energy contained in the gasoline, in fact it only uses about one-fifth of the on tap(predicate) chemical energy20.Diesel engine... ...hew, A New Breed of Fuel, Canadian Business. (2002).14Paulos, Bentham, Renewable Energy Proposals Are Inadequate, Say Environmental Groups, American Wind Energy Association. (2000).15Stipp, David, wherefore Ethanol Is No Longer a P unch Line, Fortune. (2000).16Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Energy Bureau, Switch grass and Other Energy Crops. http//www.sate.ea.us/dnr/energy/pubs/irerg/switchgrass.htm17Economagic.com, Unemployment Rate Iowa. http//www.economagic.com. (2003).18Iowa lemon yellow, Where Does Americas (Iowas) Corn Go? Educational Information. http//www.iowacorn.org/consumption.htm. (2002).19Renewable Fuels Association, U.S. Ethanol Industry Today. http//www.ethanolRFA.org. (2002).20Kraushaar, Jack J. and Ristinen, Robert A., Energy and the Environment, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, 2002), pp. 73-77, 293-299.

Property in Second Treatise of Civil Government and Robinson Crusoe Ess

Property in Second Treatise of Civil organization and Robinson Crusoe Both fanny Lockes Second Treatise of Civil Government and Daniel Defoes Robinson Crusoe deal with the question of property. In these two texts, the following questions arise when does common property become an individuals property and what factors make the appropriation of property justifiable or not? These questions may be answered by looking at each authors political dupes, followed by how they are incorporated in their work. Locke outlines the procedures for the transition of property to reclusive ownership, while Defoe details the way Crusoe appropriates property (i.e., food, accommodations, and slaves) during the course of his stay on the deserted island. However, in order to really examine the question of ownership, it first essential be established how property was feelinged during Lockes and Defoes eras. Property was a revolutionary force in the seventeenth century (Larkin 56). A dictionary from tha t time period expansive an individuals property by its independence from new(prenominal)s control, defining it as the highest right that a man hath or can have to anything, which is no way depending vpon any other mans courtesie (Harris 224). Property was widely distributed in England during Lockes life (Larkin 57). Since it was natural to associate political authority with property during the seventeenth century, Lockes theory of property was seated with a view to politics (Harris 226 Larkin 57). His Treatise of Civil Government was written after the civil war of 1642 (Larkin 57). Referring to property as that which individuals have in themselves, and also in goods, Locke expressed the view that the supreme power cannot take from ... ... Works Cited Defoe, Daniel. Robinson Crusoe. New York Bantam Books, 1991. Harris, Ian. The Mind of John Locke. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1994. Larkin, Paschal. Property in the Eighteenth Century. New York Howard Fertig Inc., 1969. Loc ke, John. Two Treatises of Government, The Works of John Locke. Vol. 5. London Thomas Teggs et al., 1823. 352-367. Novak, Maximillian E. Defoe and the Nature of Man. London Oxford University Press, 1963. Shinagel, Michael. Daniel Defoe and Middle-Class Gentility. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1968. Simmons, A. John. The Lockean Theory of Rights. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1992. Tully, James. A Discourse on Property John Locke and His Adversaries. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1980. Welch, Dennis. Thesis Statement Feedback. 27 October, 1998.

Hinduism Essay -- Hindu Religion

Hindooism is one of the worlds oldest religious beliefs in existence (Srinivasan 66). It ranks asthe third largest religion. like a shot at that place be about fifty million Hindus worldwide, majority of themliving in India (Wangu 6). In order to understand the followers of the religion, you must first micturate that Hinduism is more than of a way of life than a religion (Srinivasan 66). Hinduism holdstogether diversity and not only for its own spiritual customs duty, but for the entire subcontinent ofIndia (Berry 3). any traditions at heart India ar almosthow associated with Hinduism. Thediversity which marks Hinduism begins with the notion of deity (Boraks 14). There is a strangekind of unity in the vast numerousness of the Hindu pantheon (14). One never really is certainwhether the Hindu religion is polytheistic or dualistic or even monotheistic there are indicationsthat are all of these and none of these (14)The Hindus define sanctifiedness as brahmann (Boraks 14). T o Hindus, Brahman is external,is changeless, has no equal, and is infinite (14). Brahman expresses itself through creation,brought itself existence by Brahma, the creator (14). Brahma is the sacred one and is creditedwith creation, but Brahma creates and then abandons his creation to lesser gods (14). Hinduism was not founded by one individual, and it was not always the complex religion itis straight off (Wangu 14). Indians call it Sanatana Dharma - the faith with no beginning and no end(Srinivasan 66). It developed gradually, as a merging of beliefs and practices of two main groups- the people of the Indus valley in India and the Aryans of Persia (Wangu 14).Like other religions, the Hindu religion has its own sacred literature. Hindu literature isnot considered sacred because it has a Sacred Author, like in some western religions, but becausethey have sacred subject matter (Boraks 15).There are two main categories of Hindu Scripture - shruti, that which is heard andsmriti, tradit ion or that which is to be remembered (Wangu 9). The Vedas and the Upanishads are shruti texts (9). These sacred writings are considered to be inspired by God andto have been revealed to human kind by old-fashioned sages called rishis (9). for each one of the shruti texts provides a foundation for Hinduism. The four Vedas are theoldest of the texts and are primary script... ...elp the deceased reach the homes of the ancestorsafely (115). The prenatal, childhood, marriage, and death rituals are also performed forwomen belong to the twice- innate(p) castes (115). During these times, Vedic formulas are notrecited, since women are not allowed to read or hear the Vedas (115).Hinduism is made up of several practices and rites. Hindus have the ability to discern their course because of the diversity of Hinduism. Hinduism has many faces (Boraks 14). It is like an umbrella which shelters beneath its cover a whole panoply of religions ideas and expressions(14). Hinduism may have originated in India, but its practices have open up throughout the worldand it has had a profound influence on many other world religions. Work CitedBerry, Thomas. Religions of India. untried York Bruce Publishing Company, 1971.Boraks, Lucius. Religions of the East. Kansas City, MO Sheed & Ward, 1988.Srinivasan, Radhika. Cultures of the World - India. New York marshall Cavendish Corporation,1993.Wangu, Madhu Bazaz. Hinduism World Religions. New York Facts on File Incorporated, 1991. Hinduism Essay -- Hindu ReligionHinduism is one of the worlds oldest religions in existence (Srinivasan 66). It ranks asthe third largest religion. Today there are about fifty million Hindus worldwide, majority of themliving in India (Wangu 6). In order to understand the followers of the religion, you must firstrealize that Hinduism is more of a way of life than a religion (Srinivasan 66). Hinduism holdstogether diversity and not only for its own spiritual tradition, but for the entire subcont inent ofIndia (Berry 3). All traditions within India are somehow associated with Hinduism. Thediversity which marks Hinduism begins with the notion of deity (Boraks 14). There is a strangekind of unity in the vast multiplicity of the Hindu pantheon (14). One never really is certainwhether the Hindu religion is polytheistic or dualistic or even monotheistic there are indicationsthat are all of these and none of these (14)The Hindus define sacredness as Brahman (Boraks 14). To Hindus, Brahman is external,is changeless, has no equal, and is infinite (14). Brahman expresses itself through creation,brought itself existence by Brahma, the creator (14). Brahma is the sacred one and is creditedwith creation, but Brahma creates and then abandons his creation to lesser gods (14). Hinduism was not founded by one individual, and it was not always the complex religion itis today (Wangu 14). Indians call it Sanatana Dharma - the faith with no beginning and no end(Srinivasan 66). It developed grad ually, as a merging of beliefs and practices of two main groups- the people of the Indus Valley in India and the Aryans of Persia (Wangu 14).Like other religions, the Hindu religion has its own sacred literature. Hindu literature isnot considered sacred because it has a Sacred Author, like in some western religions, but becausethey have sacred subject matter (Boraks 15).There are two main categories of Hindu Scripture - shruti, that which is heard andsmriti, tradition or that which is to be remembered (Wangu 9). The Vedas and the Upanishads are shruti texts (9). These sacred writings are considered to be inspired by God andto have been revealed to human kind by ancient sages called rishis (9).Each of the shruti texts provides a foundation for Hinduism. The four Vedas are theoldest of the texts and are primary script... ...elp the deceased reach the homes of the ancestorsafely (115). The prenatal, childhood, marriage, and death rituals are also performed forwomen belonging to the tw ice- born castes (115). During these times, Vedic formulas are notrecited, since women are not allowed to read or hear the Vedas (115).Hinduism is made up of several practices and rites. Hindus have the ability to choose theirpath because of the diversity of Hinduism. Hinduism has many faces (Boraks 14). It is like an umbrella which shelters beneath its cover a whole panoply of religions ideas and expressions(14). Hinduism may have originated in India, but its practices have spread throughout the worldand it has had a profound influence on many other world religions. Work CitedBerry, Thomas. Religions of India. New York Bruce Publishing Company, 1971.Boraks, Lucius. Religions of the East. Kansas City, MO Sheed & Ward, 1988.Srinivasan, Radhika. Cultures of the World - India. New York Marshall Cavendish Corporation,1993.Wangu, Madhu Bazaz. Hinduism World Religions. New York Facts on File Incorporated, 1991.

Mental Isolation in Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis Essay -- Kafka Met

Mental Isolation in Franz Kafkas The MetamorphosisThe metamorphosis very possibly was written by Kafka as an outlet for his feelings of isolation and helplessness. In it, the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, awakens nonpareil morning to find himself spontaneously transformed in his bed into a monstrous vermin. The story continues from there in a most realistic counterfeit his family rejects him, and he stays cooped up in his room until he dies. Although interpretations of the story differ, my opinion is that Kafka wrote this story as a protestation, whether consciously or unconsciously, of his own knowledgeable needs not being met. Franz Kafka suffered from severe mental disorientation. This man suffered severe tragedies as a child as the first child of Hermann and Julie Kafka, he lived to gain two brothers born and die before he was six years old. Although they were eventually replaced by three new sisters, Kafka began his life with tragedies which most people do not experience until they are much older. Kafka lacked parental guidance, as he and his sisters were brought up mostly by governess. He was a Jew, and lived in Czechoslovakia, but he went to German schools. Therefore Kafka masked himself twice, at the bidding of his father. His father had made himself into a successful businessman, and expected Kafka to do the same. Most of Kafkas stories contain or perfume around an over-domineering, almost frightening father figure. Kafka obeyed his father. He remembered his high school education as being meaningless and dull, but, out of obedience to his father, he consummate it, and passed with flying colors. This switching to a less offending option in order to offend no one characterizes Kafka very well. He possessed a wonderful mind but rarely, ... ... express himself openly would suggest otherwise.The Metamorphosis lends itself more to the psychology student instructed to profile an author based on his report than to the literature student instructed to cite and expand on different literary elements. It is obviously the work of a very disturbed man, although the disturbance would probably be more of the chronic type that slowly eats a man away than the type which causes, say, one to hallucinate. To sum up The Metamorphosis, I would call it a very deceiving book. On the surface, the simplistic plot, apparent lack of imagination with regard to the syntax, and the largely flat characters tend to drive the reader away. However, when one looks just a little deeper, Kafkas whole world of fear and isolation opens up before his eyes.Works CitedKafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. Mattituck Vanguard Press, 1946.

Mental Isolation in Franz Kafkas The Metamorphosis Essay -- Kafka Met

Mental Isolation in Franz Kafkas The MetamorphosisThe metamorphosis very possibly was pen by Kafka as an outlet for his feelings of isolation and helplessness. In it, the protagonist, Gregor Samsa, awakens one morning to find himself spontaneously transformed in his bed into a monstrous vermin. The boloney continues from there in a most realistic fashion his family rejects him, and he stays cooped up in his room until he dies. Although interpretations of the fiction differ, my opinion is that Kafka wrote this story as a protestation, whether consciously or unconsciously, of his own inner needs not being met. Franz Kafka suffered from severe mental disorientation. This man suffered severe tragedies as a child as the first child of Hermann and Julie Kafka, he lived to see two brothers born and die before he was six years old. Although they were eventually replaced by three new sisters, Kafka began his life with tragedies which most people do not experience until they are much older. Kafka lacked parental guidance, as he and his sisters were brought up in general by governess. He was a Jew, and lived in Czechoslovakia, but he went to German schools. Therefore Kafka masked himself twice, at the bidding of his father. His father had made himself into a made businessman, and expected Kafka to do the same. Most of Kafkas stories contain or center around an over-domineering, almost frightening father figure. Kafka obeyed his father. He remembered his high school education as being meaningless and dull, but, out of obedience to his father, he completed it, and passed with flying colors. This switching to a less affronting option in order to offend no one characterizes Kafka very well. He possessed a wonderful mind but rarely, ... ... express himself openly would suggest otherwise.The Metamorphosis lends itself more to the psychological science student instructed to profile an author based on his give than to the literature student instructed to cite and expand o n different literary elements. It is obviously the work of a very disturbed man, although the disturbance would probably be more of the chronic flake that slowly eats a man away than the type which causes, say, one to hallucinate. To sum up The Metamorphosis, I would call it a very deceiving book. On the surface, the simplistic plot, apparent lack of imagination with regard to the syntax, and the largely flavorless characters tend to drive the reader away. However, when one looks just a little deeper, Kafkas whole world of fear and isolation opens up before his eyes.Works CitedKafka, Franz. The Metamorphosis. Mattituck forefront Press, 1946.

Child Marriage Essay

Child wedding party is India is an important human rights violation because m some(prenominal) another(prenominal) new-made ladys argon suffering throughout their marriage. Girls ages 3-18 wed older manpower ages 30-80. P bents channel their daughters to quarter matrimonial because they need m unrivaledy to help their family. It is very depressing to see young misss marry a other they never met. The addition problem with kid marriage is their health risks. One solution is, people in India need to show a documentaries to the regime of how m some(prenominal) girls suffers in fry marriage. Secondly, the government in India should make a law banning parents from forcing a minor marriage. In addition, women in India should be united. Finally, a mood to prevent peasant marriage is nurture. This is important to me because this is a human rights violation and infant marriage needs to stop immediately. The addition problem with child marriage is their health risk. Once whe n they get conjoin girls are taken to their husbands household, where they need to be accepted as a wife. While they are with their husband in a new environment rather than being with their family, this can cause them depression. They will feel rejected and lonely that they missed their families. Girls who were married before 18 were twice as likely to report being beaten, slapped, or threatened by their husbands as girls who married later.They take for grantedt withstand power over the men for their decisions but if they do, theyll get beaten by their husbands. If they escape from their marriage, husbands will get them back. For example One journalist named Stephanie went to a infirmary and saw many young girls that are beaten, burned, and dumbfound cuts in their skin by their husbands. The girl told Stephanie she didnt want to be with her husband because hes being very cruel to her and he beat her when she broke his favorite TV. To be abused can be a health risk. Another healt h risk is girls underage get pregnant. Girls ages 3-18 often feel raped because they dont want to have sex with their husbands. In addition, Young girls ages 9-19 are prominent birth causing them a big health risk. For example, girls that are younger in 12 yearsold, died giving birth and some who are not gets miscarriage. Mostly important of all, they get HIV infections and died giving birth during their younger age. (Childline)Secondly, people in India need to show documentaries to the Government of how many girls suffered in child marriage. If one person in India shows their government their documentaries everything will change. Lets say the government saw a documentary about girls surviving a hard life in India throughout their child marriage. For example, they viewed death or girls that were beaten by their husband and died during child birth. This will show the Government how girls were suffering. For example, the girl who is named Bibi Aisha, told her father that she did not want to get married to a stranger. Her new husband and her father took her to the mountains and cut her nose and her ears. She did not know where the blood is overture from she said. (Too Young to Wed The Secret World of Child Brides). But its very depressing how hard she has to accept the child marriage because of her father and her family. Girls in young ages dont understand why their parents are sending them to marriage and are afraid to say no. Girls who got married are living a hard life like pregnancy. immediately young girls ages 9-19 die giving birth and have miscarriages. Husbands get furious with their wives and scratch off or abuse them.This is the documentary should be shown to the Government how these girls are suffering so the Government can change the law and help the girls too. If no one made any documentary in India to show the Government then child marriage will continue in every generation. The Government should use the law for not banning parents from forcin g child marriage. Many young girls are forced to married by their parents. If they say no to their parents, their parents will abuse them and unploughed forcing them. The reason that they send their child to marriage is because they dont have any money to kick in for their family. For example, many girls kept saying no they dont want to get married but instead of saying no, their fathers would kill their child or abusing them. Forcing child marriage is a very bad thing but families are more concerned about money than their children. Other parents says that it is a law to force a child marriage. Was there a law made to force children to marry? For example Whoever, being male above twenty one years of age contracts a child marriage shall bepunished with simple imprisonment which may extend to three months and shall also be liable to fine. (The Child Marriage prohibition Act, 1929)Then why do the parents disobey the law? Throughout generations, mothers who were once a child bride ma rried with an older man forcing her child to get married like she did. Since, the parents noticed that they cant afford to feed their families, one of their daughter needs to get married with an older man. Why the older men? Because older men in India who had worked hard and got educating well make a good money so the father can sell his daughter to get married. When their daughters are going to get married, their parents and the village made a private place to celebrate their marriage at night. They celebrate at night so no one even the government, would know what is happening there. If one government can disguised himself like the rest of the people and watched the child that are getting married he will stopping them and says it is illegal and they should be punished what the laws says. In addition, women in India should be united. Many years have passed since any girl stood up and said no to marriage. Perhaps, some may have said no to their child marriage but its tough.For examp le, if any girls escape their child marriage, their family or their husband will find her and take her back with her husband. Many girls are getting married every 3 seconds no matter what ages they are. If any womens stood up, made protest and awareness says no to child marriage then this can change the worldwide view that child marriage is wrong. If any country like in United States sees it in the news they would help them too. This is why women in India needs to be united to say no to child marriage because they had known what they are suffering for, and they dont want the same for their children.The last solution is how to prevent from child marriage is education. In India, girls who are not married were s public treasury in indoctrinate but their parents that dont had money cant feed their families so they will send their daughters to be married. Every girl who gotten married and has children wishes they can continue to go to school so they can have a better furrow. Example of the image says, that not many girls dont get educated in India because they got married and gotten pregnant). Why cant the parents supposedly know that going to school can provide their daughters a good job in the future? It seems that their fathers are the one who wanted their daughters to getmarried in early ages because in their present time with the family now are very poor and had nothing to eat. So the fathers know it will take longer for their daughters to finish school till they grow up. That is why their fathers who met Indian men who have money are sending their daughters to marry them so they can get money. If a girl gets education she can have normal life with their families so they wont get married. The more they will study they can get a job and help their families with money. Even when they get good education after they finished school that is where they can get married and have a good life.In 1929, in India they had made the law about the child marriage. The law sa ys any men above twenty one years of age contracts a child marriage shall be punished. But throughout generations in India, parents said it is the law to force a child marriage. Parents that cant afford money to feed of their families has to send their daughters to get married. Older men who had worked hard and get good money will be married the child bride so the parents will have the money. If any girls gotten married, they will not be able continuing educated in school because of their pregnancy. Their pregnancies will be a health risk for young girls because they had die during child birth and miscarriages. If any girl in India shows the Government their documentaries about living a hard life throughout their child marriage. Then, the government would know how girls are suffering. Women in India should be united to make protest and awareness that will show the worldwide view that child marriage is wrong. Today in many countries like in India continuing the child marriage but if anyone can make one voice to change itll be changed for the good.

Lean Supply Chain Management Essay

Manufacturing, Fall River, MA, USA Abstract Lean supply is tight associated with enabling ? ow and the elimination of wasteful variation within the supply chain. However, lean operations depend on level scheduling and the growing need to harmonize variety and demand uncertainty has resulted in the emergence of the concept of agility.This paper explores the role of inventory and capacity in accommodating such variation and identi? es how TRIZ separation principles and TOC tools may be combined in the integrated development of responsive and ef? cient supply chains. A detailed apparel industry case claim is used to illustrate the application of these concepts and tools. r 2003 Elsevier Science B. V. All rights reserved. Keywords Agile Trade-offs Lean Quick response 1.Introduction Outsourcing manufacture to low cost oversea suppliers is an attractive lure in our global economy, but often undertaken without adequate regard for the market needs and the corresponding demands on the asso ciated delivery systems. Products compete in different ways in different markets and delivery systems need to be designed with this in mind. Offshore supply offers attractive cost bene? ts, but the trade-off is often high levels of inventory to support a slower response capability.

Comparaison Between Mcmxiv & Anthem for Doomed Youth Essay

In both of these poems Anthem For Doomed Youth and MCMXIV talking about war, Wilfred Owen and Philip Larkin try in diametrical ways to engrave in their readers minds the atrocious actions that war provoked with different language, voice but also form.First of all, the poems atomic number 18 create verbally in a different way. Anthem For Doomed Youth with his ABAB CDCD ABBACC rhyme scheme is in fact a sonnet. However, a sonnet is usually employ to exhilarate love and romance whereas Anthem For Doomed Youth focuses on the First World state of war. We can assume that Wilfred Owen surely wanted to contrast these two reversal corrections to create an ironic atmosphere. We can already guess the poem is going to be powerful and memorable. On the other hand, the second poem, MCMXIV,is composed of 4 stanzas containing each(prenominal) 8 clienteles but which dont have a rhythmic pitch. For me, it looks interchangeable Philip Larkin is narrating a tale or a story. In my opinion, the sonnet gives a rhythm to the poem and catches more the readers attention even if it seems shorter than Larkins poem.Secondly, we know both of these poems are talking about the First Wold War. however if we look a little bit closer, we can clearly feel a difference in the choice of words and language. After reading the original poem, we feel a mix of disgust, revulsion and unfairness whereas after reading Philip Larkins one, melancholia, emptiness and distress invade us. How can two poems with the same subject can lead to such different feelings?The sonnet looks like it is divided in two parts, both of the stanzas start with a question What passing-bells for these who get as cattle?, What candles may be held to speed them all? Then, the following lines answer to the questions. For me, it seems its like a speech with two rhetorical questions. The poet asks the questions but already has the answers and responds to it very precisely in a very negative way no, nor, not are used at th e beginning of a line following the question.Anthem For Doomed Youth is a small but efficient poem. Any word is present for a particular reason. The vocabulary used is snappy and harsh one such as monstrous anger nor any voice of mourning who die as cattle. It sounds like Wilfred Owen wants to seismic disturbance us. He plunges us in the horror of the war we can almost sound the stuttering rifles, see the holy glimmers of goodbyes. He definitely wants to express his disgust toward war. Indeed, we are not facing a peaceful war as the whole universe expected in 1914, these young boys do not bravely die for their nation its a horrific battle which ravage both sides but both stubbornly do not make any fall to stop this carnage.Owen makes us feel the constant fear, the incomprehension of this pointless ravage Withal, the second poem has a more smooth way of approach. Philip Larkin wants to have an affective impact. He doesnt use striking a vocabulary like Wilfred Owen but a melancholic one. There is this feeling of confinement and reclusion shut shops, sunblinds, shadowing eschaton lines. Whereas we could almost hear the stuttering rifles in Anthem For Dommed Youth, here, in MCMXIV, silence is the save tolerable sound. No one should make noise, in honour of all the groundless soldiers who fought naively for a cause that wasnt even directly linked to their nation.Wilfred Owen expresses the horror of the trench warfare whereas Philip Larkin enters in the impact on social consequences that War leaded to. Life will never be the same again after this tragedy. Not only will the soldiers be shell-shocked, but the whole population will be too. Even though women and children were not on the battlefront, they still experienced the war at home fronts.Owen also uses repetitions to emphasize some ad hoc phrases. The second and third lines both start with the word only and are followed by personifications of weapons like the monstrous anger of the guns and stuttering riffle s rapid rattle it is almost like the poet cannot even distinguish the human beings and machines. The men do not kill each others anymore, the machines do. The repetition of the no, nor, not is also a strong sign there isnt any hope in anything, we cannot see positive anymore. There is a constant anxiety in the soldiers eyes. The word choirs is also written two times. The reference in music could be positive but here, it is not.It is a music which leads to an inevitable death. It could also refer to the heartbeat of soldiers. A lamentable rhythm that could stop anytime. There is also a repetition in MCMXIV in the last stanza never (thee times). But once again, we cannot feel anger only a strong sorrow. Humans can never be innocent again after the terrible massacre of this War. Larkin accepts with resignation what happened what is done is done. The dead great deal will not come back. The only thing we can do is remember them and commemorate them. On the contrary, Owen cannot tolera te this thought and he feels obliged to touch on the catastrophic event harshly to prevent people to never do that again. The human loss is literally and psychologically intolerable.Finally, we can discuss about the poets choice of title of their poems. An anthem is a choral composition having a sacred or moralizing text. So, this poem is aimed to all the heroes who died fighting. Nevertheless, the adjective doomed comes to decay the word anthem. Doomed is just fate, something inevitable. It is true we cannot win over death but at least, we can delay it as more as we can, whereas the following word youth has a tragic connotation. Young people are not supposed to die, their fate is to enjoy life as much as they can but this war comes to destroy all their dreams and hopes. MCMXIV is the number 1914 in ancient roman. We can assume it is a reference to the past, Roman earn still exist after hundreds of years, maybe Larkin wants his poem to be remembered as much as these numbers?To c onclude, we can say that even if Wilfred Owen and Philip Larkin did have different ways of approach to talk about war, they both caused very strong feelings. One used an aggressive and impulsive pen whereas the other provoked sadness and respect toward the fallen soldiers. In fact, they definitely agree in one similar point First World War was a tragedy that no one should ever forget.

Philosophy on Guidance and Classroom Management Essay

My philosophy on guidance and schoolroom man get along withment includes the ideas that as an educator I am responsible for providing an environs that allows each chela to explore their own innate curiosity. NAEYC Standards states in regard to countenance child growment and learning an educator must be knowledgeable and understanding the denary influences on early development and learning. Using developmental knowledge to create healthy, respectful, supportive, and challenging learning environments for young children in which I get out provide an environment that exhibits compassion, that is secure, caring, and a stimulating atmosphere in which to grow and mature emotionally, intellectually, physically, and socially. I bequeath allow children to become responsible members of the society by using strategies such(prenominal) as positive discipline and democratic principles. I will demonstrate to the children how to become responsible for themselves as considerably as their own learning. I will present curriculum that involves the interests of the children and make learning relevant to life. This will be operated by thematic units, projects, small group activities as well as work force on activities and individual assignments in order to make the children active learners.STANDARD 2 BUILDING FAMILY AND COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPSIt is my responsibility to ensure parents that the classroom will promote a positive learning experience they will receive a handbook that will provide detailed information on policies and procedures. I will provide a curriculum that demonstrates meaningful experiences that respond to the childrens strengths, interests and needs. I will provide access to information (such as a class website) and newsletter rather than acting as the primary source of information. Students and parents will be provided with access to hands on activities that will allow adequate time and place to use materials that reinforce the lesson being studied for an opportunity for individual discover and construction of knowledge to occur. Parents will have an opportunity to schedule conferences for present to face interaction iii times within the school year. Based on NAEYC second standard, which states to build family and community relationships, Based on NAEYC second standard, which states to build family and community relationships, there will be an open door policy that will allow parents to interact with his/her child during the course of the day as well as special pop in visits.This will not only allow the parents to feel a part of the educational program but will alike show their children their interest in their learning. In order to promote the most supportive classroom for childrens healthy development I would incorporate three components which would help to ensure continuity in childrens development developmentally appropriate curricula, parents and school collaboration, and community support and aids provided by social serv ice agencies building supportive relationships with parents will influence these three components, this will help parents understand and sanction what is being taught. It is important that a well functioning classroom be aligned with the NAEYC standards. A classroom teacher has an ethical responsibility to the children.The teacher must recognize and respect the unique qualities, abilities and potential of each child. It is imperious that support is given to each child allowing them to play and learn in an inclusive environment, one that meets the needs of children with and without disabilities. Teachers also have a responsibility to the parents. Teachers should develop relationships of mutual trust and create partnerships with the families that are being provided and educational service. Teachers should always make every effort to communicate effectively with all families in a language that they understand. As well as inform families closely the nature and purpose of all assessmen ts that are used with their children. In regard to providing information about injuries and accidents, as well as risks of exposures to communicable diseases that might result in infection, the teacher will notify parents in a timely manner through verbal communication, flyers, and classroom postings.A classroom that is built on a solid foundation has dynamic classroom management techniques, showers their children with an abundance of love, as well as respect for families is a classroom that also follows Developmentally Appropriate Practices outlined by the National Association of Education for Young Children (NAEYC). Based on the Developmentally Appropriate Practices set forth by NAEYC, in regards to educators within the preschool-primary spectrum the goal is not for children to learn primary grade skills at an earlier age it is for their teachers to take the first steps together to ensure that young children develop and learn, to be able to acquire such skills and understandings a s they progress in school.ReferencesLombardi, J. (1992). beyond transitionEnsuring continuity in5 early childhood services. ERIC Digest. Urbana, IL ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education NAEYC.org

Digital Marketing: Benefits Consumers or Advertisers?

The internet has revolutionized a lot of things in our lives, including one of our favorite hobbies, shopping. Shopping has gone to a bran-new level in the new millennium. Online shopping has hit the market with consumers and advertisers trying to buy and sell products. Customers now slang the prospect to search for their required products online, with a price that they ask and with a price that fits their wallets. On the other hand, advertisers can now easily market their products online without correct renting a shopSo legion(predicate) websites like Buy. com, Amazon. com, NewEgg. com and many others have come with their websites to feature various advertisers and suppliers to market their products on their websites where online consumers from across the globe can purchase these products and services. So who has more control over digital products and services? In my opinion, advertisers have more control over consumers. First of all, advertisers have the opportunity to market their products to an international market without even having a shop.All they have to do is to search a product that is wanted by the market, and take some pictures of this product and put in on websites like e-bay or even create an own site for free Potential consumers from all over the world will be able to see this product, and if it is a wanted product, lineage will start booming. According to recent research, it was estimated that in that location was around 1 billion internet users in 2008 and this number is expected to grow annually (Bischof et.al 2000). It could be assumed that the internet market would keep increase and that would give internet advertisers a vast opportunity to advertise and market their products online. Therefore, this mainly benefits advertisers over consumers. asunder from that, advertisers will excessively have the opportunity to position themselves to cater to selected market fractions due to the wide variety of consumers from different countrie s and expectations (Bischof et. al 2000).To do this, an advertiser must first study the market segment so that the advertiser can indeed study the behavior of the consumer and understand the consumers expectations and therefore capture this market segment (Rodgers & Thorson 2000). The size of this market sh be may increase or decrease according to population growth and other social, economic and environmental factors. Even if advertisers draw a bead on 1% out of the 1 billion internet market, they will be making a lot of money due to the volume of business online. obscure from that, if advertisers could engender their ideal positioning in the market, the advertisers brand or business name would be easily spread thru the internet as there ar many third political party websites that allow consumers to share their views and opinions on certain products or services. As a matter of fact, from the above, advertisers are actually choosing who they want to sell their products or servi ces too, again a benefit towards advertisers rather than consumers. There is also a competitive environment online which would keep the companion growing and not stagnant like a brick and mortar store.Advertisers can now track the number of customers that are visiting their websites (Wind & Mahajan 2001). This will give them an indication as to the number of customers that they get every month and the number of purchases made. With this information, these advertisers could get an idea of how well or how poor their business is doing and by using this information, companies can then decide on their next course of action. Consumers can compare price, product brand, quality and other features online while sharing notes with other fellow consumers.As mentioned above, there are also third party websites who function as an intermediary between sellers and consumers who provide full details of price and product quality rating that makes it lightsome for consumers to choose from. Competiti on is good for advertisers as it allows the company to grow and make more profit and therefore once again, benefits advertisers over consumers. Keeping this in mind, advertisers also have the opportunity to check out competition online and provide competitive products to their customers.According to Wang et. al (2001), customers who are happy with their purchases are less likely to have complaints and are therefore more prone to become return customers. Return customers could mean loyal customers that allow advertisers to sell their products and services without the worry of finding new online customers. Apart from that, if the advertisers product or service is compatible or better than the competitors products, there will be free publicity of the product by third party reviews.Although most research actually argue that consumers have more benefits than advertisers, based on the argument above, advertisers manipulate consumers into thinking that they have more benefits when they act ually do not. Websites who promote themselves as catering to customer needs are actually advertisers themselves, and therefore this creates an illusion to the customer that they are controlling what and how the shop online. As a conclusion, digital marketing benefits the advertisers more than the consumers.To summarize, one of the reasons for this is that advertisers have the opportunity to market their products to an international market without even having a shop. Furthermore, advertisers will also have the opportunity to position themselves to cater to selected market segments due to the wide variety of consumers from different countries and expectations. Apart from that, there is also a competitive environment online which would keep the company growing and not stagnant like a brick and mortar store. Advertisers also have the opportunity to check out competition online and provide competitive products to their customers.

Effects of Emotions on Driving Essay

There be reported cases of vehicular accidents every year in the United States. Even though device drivers are aware that beve resentment and using cellular ph aces while driving are dangerous, they overlook otherwise factors that cleverness contribute to accidents such as physical condition and emotion. Emotions, along with record casings, video games and gender differences, determine driving behavior. Emotions potty be a positive force in determining driving behavior. For instance, a person can be motivated to drive safely by his love for his family.Moreover, if he fears any legal consequences or accidents, it might restrict him from bold driving. On the other hand, if a person has emotional problems, this can possibly lead to collision. Some may think that emotions may keep little effect on ones driving. But according to researches, any kind of emotion has negative impacts on driving, which can cause impairments that the driver is non fully aware of. A person who is frig htened, depressed, upset or excited while driving may be in the same danger as slightlyone who is engaged in a phone call or is drunk (DMV, 2008).There are to a fault cases when a person has to drive after attending to an emergency or after learning of a loved ones sickness or death. To avoid accidents, it is advisable that the driver pause a while to exhaust his bearings straight before getting behind the wheel. Research about causes of vehicular accidents showed that those who are experiencing negative and even positive emotions were at a distraction train more serious than those who were engaged in a phone call. These emotions can affect even excellent drivers in many ways.First is that they might buzz off dimmed or impaired observation and reaction times (DMV, 2008). Second, drivers might not see debris in the highroad or might not recognize situations such as slowing of traffic, which can result to hitting other railcars in the way. Third, drivers might not recognize what is happening around them (Connolly, 2007). For instance, they might not recognize that a car ahead is turning around or is about to cross. Fourth, emotions might cause drivers to make risky changes such as abrupt change of lanes.Fifth, they might feel as if they were detached from their surroundings (DMV, 2008). There might be some cases wherein a person is involved in a road rage. Road rage has become too common these days. It is responsible for many cases of bodily injuries and accidents on the road. These accidents can be attributed to the fact that some drivers overreact and personalize driving situations. Researches about road rage showed that more than half of all the drivers in America can express road rage themselves, or they can be a victim of another drivers road rage. Moreover, the U. S.Highway Safety Office declares that the many cases of accidents on the road are connected to road rage or aggressive driving, as such, road rage is now the primary cause of death (DMV, 20 08). The personality type of a person can also determine his driving behavior. Personality type is categorized into compositors case A and Type B. Type A is those that are impatient, aggressive and hostile while Type B is those calm individuals (Sedona. com, 2007). One of the traits common in the abusive personality or Type A individuals is recklessness in driving. Drivers categorized as Type A are always in need of power and control.This might be an explanation for engaging in road rage situations. Emotions effects on driving can be further explained by what is going on in the parts of the brain involved. Emotions have effects on the part of the brain responsible for reason, thought and judgment. These brain parts mature when a person reaches 25 years of age. Thus, drivers below 25 years old, especially teenagers, are at risk of accidents (Davis, 2005). The parts of the brain related to emotion and decision-making of the teens are still developing. As their brain develops, teens are persuasible to risky behavior such as driving too fast.Brain immaturity is responsible for the high number of teen crash rate today. fresh brain researches of the National Institute of Health (NIH) have come out and shown that youthfulness drivers are at risk of accidents because the executive branch of the teens brain that is largely responsible for weighing risks, making judgments and controlling impulsive behavior is not yet developed. Results have shown that a 16-year-olds brain is removed less developed (Davis, 2005) than those teens who are a bit sr.. This explains why there are more 16-year-old drivers who are at a higher risk of crashing than those older teens.In fact, a recorded number of 937 drivers who are 16 years of age were involved in fatal crashes in 2003. Almost half of those drivers and 352 of their passengers were killed. Thus, young teenagers need supervision because they are too young to drive. Another factor that psychologists and doctors looked into t o explain the many cases of teen crashes is the video games. Video games on racing bear veridical driving environments wherein players must race through city and traffic (Wood, 2007). Several studies were conducted to determine the relationship between video games and driving.One such body of work was conducted by Douglas infidel and Craig Anderson, both psychologists. Video games are interactive and engaging. Plus, violent behavior in video games is rewarded. Thus, teens and even adults tend to repeat these behaviors as they play. Gentile and Anderson indicated that for these reasons, violent video games may have stronger effects on aggression. The results have also shown that video game is directly related to having aggressive thoughts and behavior (cited in American Psychological Association, 2004). Another study by German researchers has also shown that video games affect those who play them.The researchers stated that the video games exhibit competitive and reckless driving, festinateing and crashing into cars or pedestrians, or actioning risky stunts (cited in Wood, 2007). This means that the actions in video games can result to accidents or crashes in a realistic racing environment. The researchers chose 198 men and women to participate in the study. Results showed that those who play more often were likely to engage in risky and aggressive driving and getting into car accidents while those who played less often were more cautious in driving (Wood, 2007).Studies were done to determine the difference between male and female when it comes to driving. custody are more aggressive than women, as is explained by testosterone, the male sex hormone responsible for aggressiveness in men. Most people want to chouse if men tend to be aggressive compared to women when driving, as such, a study showed a situation wherein a male driver became upset when another driver cut in front of him. He followed the car until he found out that the driver was a female. He was shocked because the female driver flock violently, when in the society women are not depicted to drive aggressively.If the other driver was not female, would the drivers behavior of following the car be justified? Just from observation alone, we see how men and women differ in emotional behavior when driving. Men will likely criticize another driver, making sure that the other driver can hear him. Women, on the other hand, will likely criticize other drivers to themselves because they fear retaliation. There are also instances when emotional behaviors get in the way of safe driving. For instance, a girl asked her boyfriend to drive her home, but the boyfriend got upset.At 60mph, he sped around corners where the speed limit was 25mph. The boyfriends want for being in control forced his girlfriend to comply with his emotions. Anger sometimes gets the best of drivers. It results to behavior that is soul-destroying for both the driver and the passenger (Lucey, n. d. ). Emotions af fect driving. When a person is elated, frightened, worried or depressed, he or she might not be able to perform well in driving. Aside from emotions, other factors that can affect driving are personality types, video game influences and gender differences.ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association.(2004, June 8). vehement video games Psychologists help protect children from harmful effects. Retrieved celestial latitude 1, 2008, from http//www. psychologymatters. org/videogames. html Connolly, A. (2007). How to control your emotions on the road. Associated Content. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http//www. associatedcontent. com/article/157425/how_to_control_your_emotions_on_the. html Davis, R. (2005). 16, Is it too young to drive a car? USA Today. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http//www. usatoday. com/educate/college/firstyear/articles/20050306. htm DMV. (2008). How emotions affect driving.Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http//www. dmv. org/how-to-guides/driving-and-emotio ns. php Lucey, C. (n. d. ). Gender differences in driving norms. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http//www. soc. hawaii. edu/leonj/459ss97/clucey/report2. html2 Sedona. com. (2007). Type A personality, Type B personality How much are we really controlled by personality types? Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http//www. sedona. com/lp-typeA. aspx Wood, J. (2007). Video racing games may spur risky driving study. Soft32. com. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http//news. soft32. com/video-racing-games-may-spur-risky-driving-study_3722. html

Diabetes Type 1: Stem Cell Research

Stem booth therapy involves the direct planting of isle prison cadres to do minance argonas in the pancreas that confuse the ability to store and facilitate the specialisation of genus Beta cells in the form. Such interference is currently under progressive try forbidden in monetary value of its effectiveness and the possibility of fortifying the isle organ transmits resistance to autoimmune attacks antibodies. We discuss the turn of eventsual procedures and different alternate(a)s of bow cell therapy for DMT1 patients. The discussion covers the likely problems world portrayed by much(prenominal)(prenominal) give-and-take, much(prenominal) as stubble cell scarceness, autoimmune attacks against the isle permutes, etc.Lastly, discussion too covers the potential selections of the interposition, specifically (1) humankind embryonal musical theme cells, (2) polite pedestal cells and (3) potential xenogeneic re reservoirs. In the conclusion, we have found several problems currently being faced by ascendent cell therapy. These problems include the scarcity of purchasable islet grafts or transplants and the autoimmune risks that can dramatically hinder to the success of the therapy. However, various studies atomic number 18 currently being explored in frame to reach potential alternatives, such(prenominal) as xenogeneic stem cell choices, immature or primogenitor alternatives, etc.Further more, we discover different methodologies in stem cell culturing and preparation techniques that confront the immunity problems virtually especially in post-transplant phase. These include the usage of different immuno-suppressing doses, such as gastrin, etc. 2. Introduction 1. 1 . compositors case 1 Diabetes DMT1 is fundamentally the absence or severe insufficiency of insulin repayable to the autoimmune (e. g. CD4 interleukin attacks, cellular necrosis, macrophagial reactions, etc. ), environmental or viral destruction of import ant cells (e. g. iral infections from mumps, etc. ) or insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas. Although, autoimmune reasons ar the most commonly associated etiology that cause DMT1 condition. App atomic number 18ntly, the system antibodies, specifically interleukins and tiddler interferons, recognize the antigenicity give birth on pancreatic islets as international substances, which consequently triggers autoimmune results. The prevalence of DMT1 in United States is approximately 1 in 2500 for the age group of 5 years old, which 1 in 300 for every 20 years of age group.Although the most considerable nature of DMT1 is its autoimmune nature, prevalence of DMT1 in United States and European nations largely depends on two causations (1) genetics and (2) lifestyle. According to the EURODIAB collaborative canvass, a registry involving 44 countries in Europe, states an annually increasing site of DMT1 with approximately 3 to 4%, with a larger increase in some central and eastern E uropean countries . The prevalence of DMT1 among 191 World Health Organization (WHO) member states and for all age groups oecumenical is estimated to be 2. % in 2000 and 4. 4% in 2030 . DMT1s important cell destruction does non only consider the negative effects towards insulin production. Deficiency in insulin can directly lead to moderate to severe hyperglycemia that can moreover trigger problems, especially in (1) neural systems, (2) peripheral and central vascular regions, (3) cardiac and (4) kidney atomic number 18as. Vascular complications among DMT1 are associated to different cellular dysfunctions, such as Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPC) that induce metabolous stress and vascular angiogenicity especially when the cells are decreased.The primary prescript that explains the metabolic and cardiovascular dangers of this illness is the increased of tonicity in the split or also known as fluid hypertonicity. imputable to the increased surge of blood glucose levels, fluid s, such as blood, lymph, interstitial fluid, etc. , produce thicker than its normal viscosity. With this fluid condition, the circulation exerts tremendous vascular and hyperosmolar pressure from study vessels to minor arterioles and veinuoles. Eventually, the prolonged pressure can lead to various complications, such as eye retinopathy, nephronic damage, nerve ending necrosis, etc.The common treatment being prescribed among DMT1 patients is the round-the-clock administration of insulin injectables in evidence to fill in the personifys insulin requirements. This is done to temporarily replace or fill in the insulin insufficiency of the body. However, insulin therapy and forethought are lifetime measures that require continuous commitment, which can greatly interfere in the persons self-importance-esteem and lifestyle progression. To resolve these potential ruttish and psychosocial damages of the temporary insulin therapy, permanent treatments, such as stem cell implants, auto immune suppressors, etc. are currently being study with hopes of permanently exercise set the illness. Stem cell studies have carefully focused in ascertain the potential strategies in order to induce beta cell specialisation and cellular regeneration, especially among those discredited or destroyed islet cells. Clearly, with cellular differentiation and regeneration s the goal of stem cell treatment, vast numbers of investigate discussed in the latter(prenominal) part of the studies have intensifierly focused their explorations in the diseases autoimmune nature.Modern studies of beta cells have always been associated to the macrophagial and lymphocytic activities of T-cell negociate antibodies, such as CD4+CD25+, CD+ T-cells, etc. Most studies are determined in configuring the possible strategies of resolving, preventing and/or countering the DMT1s autoimmune response on two pilot light islets and implant islet grafts. In animal trials, most commonly rodents, autoimmun e elements of the disease are somehow resisted when satisfying dosage of immune-inhibiting drugs (e. g. nfliximab, daclizumab and sirolimus, etc. ) are utilise on the islet implants prior to the commencement of stem cell nidation.Several studies (e. g. Gastrin applicationetc. ) have found promising strategies that can immunize the transplant grafts and possibly the original islets themselves from the autoimmune destruction rendered by the disease although, modern science has not yet considered the safe applicability and effectiveness among human trials due to the conflicts encountered by the studies, such variations of drug responses or autoimmune actions. On the other hand, the signs and symptoms of DMT1 and DMT2 are both related to the two mavin components of diabetes (1) hyperglycemia and (2) hypoinsulinemia.DMT1 commonly presents its condition with the classic manifestations of polydipsia, polyphagia and polyuria . Physiologically, the terce principal signs of DMT1 are extre mely integrated and fostered by the bodys sympathetic natural response. For example, due to the hyperglycemic state of the body, the satiety centers of the brain triggers polydipsia in order for the body to increase its fluid intake aiming to dilute the tonicity or increased blood glucose levels. In the adjoin, the body increases the fluid contents in the blood increasing as well the kidney workload in changeing urinary output therefore, producing polyuria.Consequently, fluid loss also causes pregnant electrolyte losses and glucose malabsorption that trigger body weakness. In order to compensate, the body triggers polyphagia that aims to increase food consumption. The three latter manifestations are considered the cardinal or principal manifestations of DMT1 common to all patients. Weight loss, fatigue, muddled vision, pruritis and muscle wastage are the secondary symptoms that follow with the continuous manifestations of DMT1 cardinal signs .The secondary complications of DMT1 can further aggravate if the physiological hyperglycemia and other associated signs and symptoms are not resolved. Tertiary complications involve severe manifestations that can be fatal in nature, such as diabetic ketoacidosis and possibly diabetic coma. 1. 2. Causes of DMT1 DMT1 has three potential origins that are currently under extensive study, namely (1) chronic autoimmune destruction of beta cells, (2) environmental destruction of beta cells that is commonly viral in nature, and (3) genetic abnormality in beta cells and/or insulin receptors .The autoimmune etiology of DMT1, as discussed earlier, involves the activity of interleukin-1 protein cytokine that principally triggers the immunologic response of CD4+ T cells against beta cells. The autoimmune nature has proven the relationship between beta cell destruction and islets inflammation due to interleukin invasion however, studies have not yet determined the principal inauguration of this cytokine production . The issues sk irt the autoimmune proposition in the DMT1 condition is the communicating element/s induced by the disease that activates antibodies response against the islet cells.As of the recent studies, no specific communicating agent has been discovered linking both DMT1 condition and its autoimmune reaction towards islet cells although, there are numerous shows that key out the exact autoimmune attacks against pancreatic islet cells, most importantly on the beta cells. Meanwhile, viral causations have also been associated to the occurrence of DMT1. Common viruses, such as mumps, rubella and coxsackie, have been associated to the destruction of beta cells, which eventually triggers the chronic drop of insulin production .Cytokine-interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) has been associated with the occurrence of DMT1 with hypothetical viral origin. According to clinical reports, IFN-alpha is brought by environmental viruses (enteroviruses) that trigger immune-mediated beta cell destruction. Significant ly, therapeutic agents targeting IFN-a may potentially be beneficial in the prevention of type 1 diabetes and autoimmunity . Lastly, genetic abnormalities min beta cell primogenitors and cellular differentiations are also becoming part of the controversial cause of DMT1.The idea of genetic causation of DMT1 involves the reduced activity of immature progenitors in pancreatic endothelial, which consequently lessens the cellular differentiation of beta cells. With small beta cell count in the body, insulin production becomes insufficient ca utilize cellular tension for insulin production. Prolonged state of hypoinsulinemia or complete absence of insulin in the blood usually results to DMT1 complications. Islet transplantation or stem cell therapy considers the destroyed islet areas that need replacement.According to Rother and Harlan, if patients with greater body mass indices and/or with insulin resistance were also considered for an islet transplant, the 3,000 transplantable islet preparations presently achievable would likely be sufficient to restore euglycemia to fewer than 1,000 patients per year, or less than 0. 1% of patients with T1DM, or approximately 0. 005% of those with either form of diabetes. Despite of the technological advancements of stem cells and islet transplants, most parts of DMT1 condition and autoimmune functionalities are still left undetermined.The scarcity of islet stem cells is not the only problems being faced by islet transplant therapy but also the impending variations of autoimmune activities of the body. Controlled experiments have been conducted on both rodents and primates however, the results most of the time vary when applied to human proves. Although, such islet therapy have already been applied to human sample and proven to cause independent insulin production although, medical examination issues, such as alternative stem cell or islet graft sources, risk of anaphylactic rejections, etc, are still being studies extensive ly.Therefore, scarcity and further study of the procedure are needed to further the application of islet stem cell therapy among DMT1 patients. 1. 3. Therapy for DMT1 Stem cell transplant of islets of langerhans, specifically the -cells, is now considered as alternative treatment in treating Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (DMT1) although, not all DMT1 patients are applicable candidates of stem cell therapy. Antigenicity testing and severity of DMT1 manifestations as well as autoimmune response to the treatment are usually evaluated before considering stem cell transplant.Through the do by of genetic engineering, the autoimmune response of DMT1 towards the islet cells can now be countered by refilling the cellular necrosis of -cells. The study explores the different sections of cells stem cell transplant, particularly on (1) the actual procedure, (2) allogeneic and xenogeneic possibilities, (3) the actual condition of DMT1 and (4) the pathophysiological principles involved in the proce ss of disease progress and stem cell therapy.The case of DMT1 is autoimmune by nature wherein the body acts negatively to the islet cells by recognizing these cells as a form of contrary objects. Theoretically, the bodys macrophages and interleukins are alarmed by the foreign or abnormal structuring of islet antigens, which probably resulted due to the extensive response of the cells thriving inwardly high insulin-needing environment. In response, the bodys immunologic centers trigger macrophagial and anti-body mediators (e. g. GAD65 Ab Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibodies, Iinsulinoma Antigen 2, etc. attacking and destroying the bodys own pancreatic meanders . During these conditions, islet cells chronically declines in number as macrophagial actions subdue and destroy both progenitor cells in the pancreas and those sayd islet cells, which include the beta cells. With the destruction of progenitor cells, the rate of cellular differentiations for further beta cells and other islet cell types (e. g. alpha cells, etc. ) decline leaving the body deficient of these endocrine hormones.Furthermore, as the existing and pre-existing beta cells die due to autoimmune damages, the capacity of the islet cells to regenerate also decline, which eventually decreases the number of existing beta cells at bottom the islets. Theoretically, According to Xu, Wang and Hou (2008), as the bodys insulin requirement heightens and prolonged, the remaining beta cells experience physiological stress in insulin production, which, if not prevented, can lead to a negative feedback mechanism wherein insulin production complete shuts off its production.DMT1 patients experience decreased and/or absence of insulin production, and usually peaks between early adolescence (10 to 14 years of age) to midway adulthood (30 and above) . Pancreas manifests lymphocytic infiltration and destruction of islets of langerhans, which consequently causes depletion of insulin production. During the pas t few decades, studies on islet transplantation through mesenchymal stem cells ( disseminated sclerosis) have shown to improve the metabolic conditions of DMT1 patients. However, the performances and study results using MSC remains to be questionable.Trans-differentiation of MSCs into insulin-producing cells (IPCs) is considered the principal plan of the therapy however, other reports have negated these results claiming that it is too difficult to assume and determine the timing and bound of improvement by only analyzing the effects through trans-differentiation. Cellular differentiation and self re impertinental can greatly vary depending on various conditions, such as existing drug therapies, immunologic sensitivity, duration of the illness, other existing disorder including complications dealt by DMT1, etc.Similar to other beta-stimulating treatments, MSC is considered growth cipher stimulant of the surrounding beta cells, which aids in the mechanism of self duplication rath er than cellular proliferation. According to Xu, Wang and Hou (2008), MSCs transplantation into diabetic animals may prevent apoptosis of injure pancreatic beta cells and enhance regeneration of endogenous progenitor cells through paracrine actions (e. g. angiogenic, cyto harborive, anti-inflammatory, mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects, etc. ). MSC studies are still on the process of evolution along with animal trials.MSC therapy alternative is process for treating principally the occurrence of hyperglycemia in DMT1 however, the process remains an assumption and currently being studied. In the study of Ezquer, Ezquer and Parrau (2008), MSC procedure has been detected to also contribute to tissue regeneration (e. g. bones, cartilage, infracted heart, brain and kidney). In the study, a test subject with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes (C57BL/6 mice) has shown significant cellular neogenesis on pancreatic and renal function as well structure.Somehow, MSC has triggered a potential role of becoming a promising alternative as pancreatic progenitor cells that possess the capacity to initiate cellular differentiations. After the subject received a 0. 5 x 10(6) MSCs via ex vivo expansion, the sample has shown significant reduction in blood glucose levels and euglycemic values after a month. With MSC acting as the islets alternative progenitor cells, beta cell differentiation can progress to the development of other beta cells, which if continued can trigger cellular regeneration among produced existing beta cells.According to terminal conclusions of Ezquer, Ezquer and Parrau (2008), MSC administration resulted in beta-pancreatic islets regeneration and prevented renal damage in diabetic animals. This evidence shows the possibility of using MSC in initiating both cellular differentiation and self-duplication. Altthough, Xu, Wang and Hou (2008) still consider this process as an experimental alternative therapy for DMT1 condition. However, the study samp le did not consider the potential effects of human autoimmune responses against these MSC grafts.Autoimmune responses can risk the success of graft transplant considering the increased antigenicity present among these islet transplants, which is a considerable issue that arises in the results of their study. Meanwhile in the study of Feng, De-quan and Yan-hua (2008), they have focused on MSCs derived from human umbilical cord blood (UCB) in order to facilitate cellular transdifferentiation into beta cell alternatives via in vitro. In the study, UCB samples are obtained, while presenting MSCs are isolated for analysis via flow cytometer.In the process, islet-cellular differentiation has been induced for 15 days with or without extracellular matrix gel. This extracellular matrix gel generates an enriched environment that nourishes cellular requirements aiding in their differentiation and consequent self-duplication. With the assistant of chemiluminescent immunoassay system (CIS) in detecting glucose activity and insulin response, the studied found out that insulin positive cells (25. 23. 4% UCB n=42) indoors ECM gel have produced functional islet proteins after 9 days of pancreatic differentiation.Considering the feasible environment setup by ECM, the possibility of creating a zone wherein autoimmune reactions are considered nullified has also become one of the propositions that theoretically explained the results of the study. According to the conclusion of their study, MSC can truly differentiate into islet like cells in vitro and ECM gel. Fortunately, with the advent of modern technology and mental hospital of corporeal stem cell transplant, the depletion of cells can now be replaced with new generating cells through stem cell implantation.In 1990, Scharp et al. has brought reports of success in the process of transplanting islet cells to patients with DMT1 through the process of improved islet isolation techniques (developed by Ricordi, Lacy and Finke et al. 1988) . Isolation techniques aim in discovering alternative progenitor sources of progenitor cells that possess the capacity to differentiate into insulin-producing cells that can serve as essential alternative for beta cells.Aside from pancreatic progenitor cells, the study has also discovered potential sources in the kidney, liver, bone subject matter and other vital organs of the body. Isolation techniques usually require individualized culturing of islet transplants prior to the actual therapy. With the introduction of cells implantation, different forms of islet transplant (e. g. billiary quickness of islet cells, xenogeneic sources of islets, etc. ) have been considered throughout the process of stem cell therapy. On the other hand, certain reaction problems produced during the process (e. . anaphylactic response, incompatible cellular transplant, insulin-sensory impairment, etc. ) have also been observed in throughout the process of therapy. Despite of the potential therapeutic permanence of islet transplant therapy against DMT1 condition, most medical specialists (Kabelitz, Geissler and Soria, 2008 Xu, Wang and Hou, 2008) consider this treatment as last resort therapy for severe cases of DMT1. Stem cell therapy is not yet considered as a general treatment applicable for all sorts of DMT1 conditions.According to Kabelitz, Geissler and Soria (2008), the constructs in the cellular treatment of DMT1 are (1) the replacement of islet cells by islet-like cells derived from embryonic or adult stem cells, and (2) promotion and establishment of immunologic tolerance of islet cells towards self-antigens through regulatory T cells and/or tolerance-promoting monocyte-derived cells. Studies have explored possible ways in dealing with the confronting problems of the procedures, such as scarcity, autoimmune sensitivity, etc.In the preliminary sections of the discussion, the two concepts are further explained considering the possibility of merging the two p rocedures in order to attain maximum efficiency in the DMT1 cellular therapy. 3. Modern Techniques in Treatments of DMT1 1. 1 Islet Cell Transplant The principal concept of stem cell therapy is the harvesting of potential and/or adult health cells that are transferred to weakness or degenerating organs. As for DMT1 conditions, islet transplantation, specifically on cells implantation, is the most impressive treatment that shows promising permanent cure for islets autoimmune degradation.According to Hussain and Theise, stem-cell therapy here implies the replacement of ghoulish or lost cells from progeny of pluripotent or multipotent cells. According to Haller, Viener and Wasserfall et al (2008), UCB-derived MSCs are significant autologous progenitor inducers that can initiate cellular self duplication or regeneration. In their study using 12 autologous UCB infusions, preliminary results show significant slowing of endogenous loss of beta cell degradation among DMT1 children subject s.Aside from the slowing of hyperglycemic actions induced by DMT1, Keymeulen (2008) has proposed the possibility of actually blocking or preventing the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in DMT1 conditions. In the study, Keymeulen (2008) proposes the short-term humanized anti-T-cell antibody treatment that aim to inhibit the t-cell activities and preserve the residual beta-cells for at least 18 months in order to induce cellular regeneration and stabilize metabolic check off of the body over the rising glucose levels.By applying Anti-Thymocyte-Globulin, tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil to a non-uremic C peptide negative DMT1 patient, label decrease in autoimmune activities has risen to more than 80%. Another principle of stem cell transplant in islet cell therapy is biologic differentiation wherein a pool of undifferentiated precursors (e. g. Human Islet-derived Precursor Cells or hIPCs, etc. in pancreas appears to be a series of stem cell that further differentiate to islet -endocrine cellular population (1) Glucagon-producing alpha-cells, (2) insulin-producing beta-cells, (3) somatostatin-producer in Delta cell, (4) pancreatic polypeptide secreting cells . Both of these cellular somas act as the cellular surrogate of cells that shall replace the depleted or damaged cellular source in the pancreas . Cellular differentiation holds the key in bring on growth to the depleted beta cells in the islet of langerhans.According to the study of Abdi, Fiorina and Adra (2008), islet transplantation (ppluripotent stromal cells) provides great potential for diversifying the cellular lineage even with postnatal damaged tissues. The study of of Abdi, Fiorina and Adra (2008) support the idea of cellular renewal and differentiation giving more emphasis on the mesodermal origin. In such case, the study introduces the concept similar to other studies (e. g. immuno suppression of T-cell activity, increasing beta cell antigenitcity resistance, etc. wherein the introduction of MSCs or islet transplant pluripotent cells may induce an immunomodulatory effect, which eventually facilitates cellular regeneration. The study of Seissler and Schott (2008) also supports the idea of cellular differentiation and self-renewal however, they have questioned the capacity of supporting the cellular capabilities of stem cells derived from adult pancreas or non-pancreas. During cellular differentiation of endocrine tissue, precursor cells secrete multiple hormones prior to final maturation of differentiated cells that secret single classification of hormone.Most of these hormones are actual growth hormones that enhance cellular differentiations and regeneration. Although these actions are most of the time slow-phased and are very much vulnerable to immunologic attacks, some studies (e. g. Piper, Brickwood and Turnpenny, 2004 Lai, Schneider and Kidszun, 2005) suggest that once islet cells have regained its stable cellular disposition, which can varies depending on the p revailing physiological atmosphere (e. g. decreased immune activity, prolonged hypoinsulinemia, etc. , the cellular proliferation and restorative scheme can pursue more rapidly than its common phasing. In the process of islet transplant, beta cells are produced as part of the general cellular differentiation produced by broad cellular differentiations . According to Rosenburg, Lipsett and Yoon et al (2004), once islet cell quantity have increased to a stable position and the environment requires extensive insulin production, autoimmune response of the body against these cells are seen to decline dramatically.Once islets have differentiated from progenitor populations, the cells migrate towards the surrounding exocrine tissues. With the help of angiogenesis resulted by vascularization of islets arteriolar blood flow, specific cells present in the islet progenitors, beta cell progenitor, increase its differentiation phase, which consequently increases the number of beta cells present in the pancreas . As beta cells increase, the bodys glucose-perception also enhances considering the increased quantity of glucose sensing beta cells.The differentiated beta cells react against the decreased body insulin levels by producing insulin, which further stimulate beta cells massive proliferation in islets of langerhans . Upon stimulation of cellular differentiation under insulin deficient environment, islet transplant may significantly continue with its differentiation and regeneration schemes without the heightened danger of autoimmune attacks. This theoretical physiology can serve as the actual basis for considering the value of restoring stable beta cell count within the body.However, the conflict that needs resolution is the safety of islet grafts upon its initial stage of transplant. Differentiation of beta cells is the primary target of islet stem cell therapy among DMT1 patients. These cells are highly specialized cell type, phylogenetically developed, and regulator s of glucose homeostasis in higher forms of organisms. However, some studies suggest (Montanya, 2004 Vinik, Rosenberg and Pittinger, 2004 Hermann, Margreiter and Hengster, 2007) the inverse relationship present between cellular proliferation and differentiation of islet implanted stem cells.The most common problem that arises during post-transplant phase is the decreased differentiation of beta cells, which, in some cases, are not enough to fill in the bodys insulin requirements . However, Dor, Brown and Martinez (2004) assert that Beta cells, during post-stem cell therapy, do not base the production of additional beta cells in the rate of differentiation rather, beta-cells grow through the process of self-duplication .This is considered as an argument in the idea proposed in the latter section wherein it proposes the nullity in achieving cellular stability in both differentiation and regeneration once specific rate of beta cells are reached in the process. Although the proposed o pening does not only when in-distant with the latter, the argument suggests that beta cell proliferation solely derives from the pre-existing beta cells obtained via transplant, which further proliferates via the process of cellular regeneration and not but differentiation.As for the critique, cellular differentiation is regarded as of little importance due to its low contribution in cellular proliferation. According to Dor, Brown and Martinez (2004), Our analysis shows that pre-existing beta-cells, rather than pluripotent stem cells, are the major source of new beta-cells during adult life and after pancreatectomy in mice These results suggest that terminally differentiated beta-cells retain a significant proliferative capacity in vivo and class doubt on the idea that adult stem cells have a significant role in beta-cell substitution. Xunrong, Hua and Soo (2005) support the argument through their study indicating the process of autoimmune blockage (Transforming Growth Factor-TG F-beta1) rather than the concept of cellular differentiation brought by stem-cell therapy . In the study, they have address the capacity of growth factors, such as TGF, to provide temporary autoimmune suppression that blocks the hazardous effects of this bodily responses.With increased angiogenesis or vascularization, the newly introduced cells (beta cells) can rapidly and freely proliferate as long as adequate oxygenation from rapid blood supply is present, and autoimmune suppression is being facilitated by the growth factors. According to Xunrong, Hua and Soo (2005), Syngeneic islet grafts failed by day 17 in all untreated mice, whereas Ad-hTGF- beta1 therapy prolonged survival of islet grafts. Our data demonstrate that systemic TGF-beta1 gene therapy blocks islet injurious autoimmunity, facilitates islet regeneration, and cures diabetes in diabetic NOD mice.TGF-beta1 possesses the functions of temporarily blocking the autoimmune response against the transplanted islet graft as well as triggering cellular regeneration channeled through self-duplication. Considering the arguments propose by the two latter studies, this study still concludes the essential contributions of cellular differentiations brought by pre-existing progenitor cells from stem transplant or original sources since, these component holds the appropriate physiological distribution of islet cell re-categorization and reproduction. 1. 2 Stem Cell TransplantationContrary to the concept of cellular differentiation and proliferation, post-stem cell transplant on islet cell is said to induce aggressive self-renewal due to the presence of significant growth components (e. g. TGF-beta 1, hemo-erythropoetin,etc. ) that enhance pre-existing beta cell proliferation and protect the cells from autoimmune attacks. Through the use of a DNA analog-based lineage-tracing technique , the study has found that precursor cells do not actually contribute to further differentiation of adult beta cells, and not eve n during acute beta cell regeneration.Rather, beta cells are being produced through self-renewal or duplication wherein a programmed cell division occurs through a refractory period preventing unreasonable or massive beta cell proliferation. Although, as argued by various studies (Lee, Grossman and Chong, 2008 Gershengorn, Anandwardhan and Wei, 2004), theoretically, differentiation rate usually surges during the initial phase of cellular implantation however, once the cellular count of these differentiated cells stabilize, self-renewal or cellular regeneration of the existing beta or islet differentiated cells follow.Thus, explaining the inverse relationship between beta-cell proliferation and differentiation. Current studies in both allogeneic and xenogeneic stem cell sources are now being studied with marked emphasis on autoimmunity reversal or even autoimmunity tolerance. According to Lee, Grossman and Chong (2008), stem cells from hematopoietic sources, such as bone marrow and fetal cord blood, pancreas, intestine, liver, and spleen, call up either new sources of islets or may function as stimulators of islet regeneration.Through stem cell introduction of pancreatic cells, specifically islets of langerhans, the adult human beta cells pre-existing in the stem cell transplant exhibit hormonal construction . Contrary to the concept of cellular proliferation, stem cell transplant essentially increases beta-cell resistance to autoimmune destruction of DMT1, which consequently facilitates the proliferation of beta cell in the islets of langerhans.According to various studies (Linning and Madkuhar, 2004 Strobel, Yuval and Stirman, et al. 006), aggressive beta cell self-duplication is the actual cause of beta cell proliferation whether by implantation of TGF-beta 1- induced islet cells or the traditional islet replacement. Implanted islet progenitors, when gardeningd, expresses 1% of endocrine cell proliferation during the first 48 hours up to 6% after five day s . According to Rosenberg, Lipset and Yoon (2004), increasing the mass of beta cells after the event of post-immune destruction induces a 175-amino acid pancreatic acinous cell protein called, Islet Neogenesis-Associated Protein (INGAP) peptide, which acts as a stimulator of beta cell mass stimulator.INGAP peptide, similar to TGF-Beta growth factor, triggers cellular neogenesis enabling the rapid rate of cellular regeneration after significant results from cellular differentiation. The production of INGAP protein is commonly cited during post-phase of islet transplant. However, according to Lai, Irina and Eugen et al. (2008), gene modification present in cell transplantation process is problem considering the extensive cellular processes involved in the adaptation and transplant reception.Although, applications of several viral vectors (e. g. adenovirus-associated vectors, etc. have proven to be successful, but hESC is considered a more potent alternative due to its feasibility for genetic manipulation and self-renewal. During the mass replication of beta cells, the small portion of the cells stops in the process of neogenesis, while other beta cells are reserved for continuous replication at a very slow phase. After this scenario, the counter-attack of autoimmunity is usually pass judgment hence, treatment regimen that suppresses immunologic reaction on islet grafts are usually being instilled to the transplant sample prior to the therapy.This procedure increases the resistance of the graft cells against the autoimmune reactions triggered by the body. With a disorder such as DMT1, the chances of beta cell recovery become lesser due to the persistent autoimmune destruction of beta cells . The decreased capacity cellular replication in the adult beta cell is very much limited to result in a significant regeneration rate following autoimmune damages . Likewise, chronically increased metabolic requirements, such as increased insulin demand, can cause beta cells stupidity to fully cope in the given physiologic environment.This gives the appropriate rationale for implanting islet cells in the area of depleting beta cell in order for the progenitors to differentiate and proliferate mass beta cells in the area. According to the study of Urban, Kiss and Kovacs et al. (2008), hematopoetin centers of the body, such as bone marrow, may harbor cells that can actually process the self-duplication of beta cells. Such concept is greatly associated to the principle of angiogenesis implying the value of appropriate oxygenation in the area of developing cellular clusters.In the study, sex-mismatched bone marrow cells (BMCs) and syngeneic or allogeneic MSCs are administered to a mice sample with streptozotocin induced DMT1, and consequently led to the rapid tissue regeneration after a single injection of a mixture of 10(6) BMCs per 10(5) MSCs. early(a) agents that can forcefully differentiate beta cells during post-islet transplant are INGAP (Rosenber g, Lipset and Yoon et al. , 2004 Weir, Toschi and Inanda et al. , 2004), GLP-1 and GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 (Li et al. , 2004), betacellulin and activin A (Brubaker and Drucker, 2004), and the combination of EGF and Gastrin (Rooman and Bouwens, 2004) .These agents can actually force the cellular differentiation providing immediate and ensured processing new beta cells with much more lessened risks of being attacked by immunologic elements. Betacellulin, Activin A and Gastrin are the common immuno-suppressants being applied to most controlled studies on islet transplants today due to its availability and decreased result variations although, some studies still explore the applicability and effectiveness of these agents in the process of triggering cellular differentiation.Meanwhile, Melleoul (2006) suggests that cellular differentiation of beta cell during post-islet transplant is controlled by series of genetic activators and transcription factors . Its absence in mice and h umans during embryogenic to postnatal development may actually lead to pancreatic agenesis. After such condition, cellular differentiation becomes restricted principally to cells wherein cellular regulation of genetic expression in cell-specific genes occurs.Furthermore, such condition facilitates the mediation of the glucose effect on insulin gene transcription, which shows that any exposure of cells to high glucose even with short period of time can actually stimulates insulin gene expression. However, chronic exposure to high glucose levels can actually trigger negative effects, such as alteration in -cell functions and gene transcription. PDX-1 transcription breaks big bucks upon exposure to chronic hyperglycemia, while stimulation of beta activity is seen during acute hyperglycemia.Such genetic modifications can actually enhance the survivability of islet transplants within a new host considering the autoimmune function being rendered by continuous DMT1-induced CD4 immunogl obulins. According to Phillips and Tang (2008), using cellular, molecular and gene manipulation strategies, each islet transplant can actually be guarded or attain enhanced resistance even with the hostile environment directing immune rejection, inflammation, hypoxia and apoptosis.Genetic engineering provides cellular modification for constructing gene sequences. Considering the conflict existing in mass beta cell replication and autoimmune destruction, high quantities of beta cell replication during post-islet transplant has been associated to the reduced impact of autoimmune damage. With the help of CTL antagonists in terms of restricting T-cell activity, the regenerative capacity and neogenesis of -cells are expected to progress through forced-differentiation therapies.Initial activities between autoaggressive Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and beta cells are terminal event leading to cellular agenesis of -cell, which consequently affects both progenitor beta cells and those poten tial self-replicating beta cells from the pool of potential -cell replenishment . Progression of CTL is unlikely to be stopped hence, the only appropriate idea of treating the pathogenesis of DMT1 is the replenishment of beta cells that have been damaged throughout the current autoimmune attacks.According to Dor (2006), progenitor cells present in the pancreas, specifically on pancreatic ducts, acini, islets of Langerhans, and other parts of the body (e. g. bone marrow, spleen, etc. ) are even more potent source of beta differentiation . However, these progenitor cells provide multivariate cellular differentiation rate that can compromise the process of stem cell therapy especially if the non-ideal progenitor cell source are used in the procedure.To compensate, most studies have explored the possibility of using embryonic-obtained stem cells that contain the most feasible progenitor cells aside from the ideal pancreatic progenitors. Although beta cells are differentiated from pro genitor cells during embryonic phase of pancreatic development, the progenitors (marked by expression of neurogenin 3 and the paired box protein Pax-4) are seen to disappear upon birth . Such disappearance actually implicates a significant process that are undergoing with beta cells, which actually trigger fundamental change in their mode of support and expansion.The cellular process begins from the embryonic progenitor-cell-based differentiation and further progress to massive self-regeneration. In the study of Nagaoka, Fukuda and Hashizume (2008), betacellulin (BTC) is analyzed as another potential growth factor that can induce progenitor-cell-based differentiation and cellular self-duplication. BTC possesses ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases that induces differentiation and cellular mitosis, especially among acinar-derived AR42J cells, transforming these cells into insulin-producing or beta functioning cells. As back up by Parnaud, Bosco and Berney et al. 2008), BTC-induced purifi ed beta cells within allogeneic islet transplant graft enhanced by ECM have yielded a population of 91. 42. 8%. Nagaoka, Fukuda and Hashizume (2008) mention that BTC independently and preferentially binds to two type I tyrosine kinase receptors, the EGF receptor (ErbB1) and ErbB4. Significantly, BTC induced graft transplants are seen to contain mutant protein that promotes the rapid differentiation of pancreatic acinar AR42J cells to insulin-producing cells, which is actually the opposite with AR42J cells that contain wild-type BTC protein.Rapid differentiation is not whole beneficial in nature as this can cause hyperplasia. According to Min Cho, Lim and Yoo et al. (2008), BTC, unitedly with Nicotinamide sustained PDX1 expressions, actually induced cellular differentiation C-peptide proteins although, insulin mRNA is found to be very low. 4. New Advances in Stem Cell Research The theory between stem cell differentiations versus beta cell progenitor self-duplication still coincide the need to restore pre-existing beta cell pool from the ongoing damage made by the autoimmune CTL.Stem cell is still an important consideration in replenishing these depleted resources. However, due to the extensive problem on stem cell donors and sources, stem cell therapy is not yet considered part of an ideal DMT1 treatment. According to Korsgren, Lundgren and Felldin (2008), new alternatives for stem cell therapy are currently being explored with aims of determining other contributing components that induce cellular graft survivability and reduction of immunoresponse against DMT1 mediated antibodies.During the process of transplantation, the isolated islets transplant grafts are induced to embolise the liver after its introduction via the hepatic portal vein, which is a procedure that is unique in the area of stem cell implantation. However, such procedure is only an example of low expertness procedure. A novel view on the engraftment of intraportally transplanted islets is pr esented that could explain the low efficacy of the procedure. As supported by Rother and Harlan (2004), and Hardikar (2004), only 750 patients have already been treated using allogeneic islet transplants since 1974 despite of the billions of DMT1 cases worldwide.Various alternatives have been proposed in order to counter such scarcity, specifically (1) embryogenic blastocyst and post-natal resources, (2) culturing of stem cells, and (3) stem cell grafting using xenogeneic resource (e. g. umbilical cord, etc). The isolation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells has been introduced as a potential prospect for filling in the scarcity of beta cells, specifically through islet transplantation . Embryonic stem cells are harvested from blastocysts, while adult stem cells are from postnatal organisms.The process involves (1) the culturing and plating of embryoid bodies in insulin-transferrin-selenium-fibronectin medium, (2) supplementation and maintenance using N2, B27, and basic fibroblast g rowth factor (bFGF), (3) lowering of glucose concentration to reduce the physiological pressure on premature beta cell, (4) bFGF is withdrawn to prevent excessive growth stimulation, and (5) nicotinamide addition . Counteracting transcription-polymerase chain reaction found out an enhanced cellular expression of pancreatic genetic chains within the site of cellular differentiated cells.Using the Immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization analysis, the findings have revealed a significantly increased percentile range of insulin-expressing cells within the cellular clusters. According to the study of Xia, Ayala and Thiede et al. (2008), hESCs, with the help of drug-inducing transgene expression (in vitro and in vivo) forms 95% purity level, which significantly implies the high possibility of regulating genetic expression of hESCs. After the islet transplantation, genetic expression of the cells remained stable and regulated with the help of an orally administered drug.Although, acco rding to Chung and Stainer (2008), cellular origins that regulate pancreatic B cell induction and genetic expression is not yet fully understood. Differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells to islet phenotype, identification and utilization of pancreatic precursor/stem cell from adult sources, and the cultivation of new islets from adult stem cells obtained from various tissue types or directly form other terminally differentiated cell types are the common areas being covered by islet transplant or stem cell research for DMT1 immunogenetics research .In such case, cultured embryogenic or adult somatic islet cells are transferred from its original placement to appropriate locations in the body of a DMT1 patient. Human Embryonic Stem Cell (HESCs) or ES possesses the capacity to continuously differentiate to cells that express both endoderm and pancreatic progenitor function, such as Foxa2, Sox17, Pdx1, and some islet endocrine hormones (e. g. beta cells) . According to Kroon, Martins on and Kadoya et al (2008), cellular therapy for DMT1 requires the renewal of human beta cells and not entirely the replacement of the degraded ones.In order to induce regeneration, pancreatic endoderm must be stimulated through the use cellular mediated glucose-responsive endocrine cells present within hESCs. The hESC-derived insulin-producing islet-like clusters (ILCs) comprises of 2 to 8% of human C-peptide-positive cells, glucagon-positive and somatostatin-positive cells. The study has detected a content of 70 ng of insulin/mug of DNA being produced through these hESC-derived ILCs, which is statistically higher than the innate fetal islets.In addition, cellular differentiation of hESCs induces the formation of Embryoid Bodies (EBs) that stimulate the gene expressions of POU5F1, nestin, FOXA2, ONECUT1, NEUROD1, PAX6, and insulin as long as the glucose environment is within 25mM levels . In the essence, implantation of hESCs in autoimmune-damaged islets can mobilize the islet cell differentiation through genetically expressed progenitors from the islet transplant medium. Furthermore, continuous genetic expression is expected since the bodys glucose levels also influence the cellular differentiation of beta cells.Stem cells derived from hESCs places markers of development for endoderm, pancreatic and -cell development, glucose sensing, and production of mature insulin . Meanwhile, most studies have also touch on in protein-based cellular communication involved during cellular differentiation phase after stem cell implants have been introduced. According to Kroon, Martinson and Kadoya (2008), therapeutic tests using a mice sample with 3000 transplanted human islet cells indicate that hESC derived pancreatic endoderm can actually aid in antibody resistance.In the studys conclusion, they have pointed the definitive evidence proving the capacity of hESCs in generating glucose-responsive and insulin secreting implanted cells. Interestingly, in the study of Yu, Vo dyanik and Smuga-Otto et al (200), hESCs are found to be programmed by specific four genes, OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28, which actually determines the pluripotent capacity of the embryonic stem cells and the characteristic of cellular differentiation. Although, the study concludes that the genetic mapping and processes involved within these newly discovered hESC genes are still in the process of intensive studies.Implanted stem cells actually integrate their needed functions for initiating the mechanism of glucose responsive regulation present as pre-proinsulin mRNA and expression of insulin C-peptide in vitro (Clark, Yochem and Axelman, 2007). Following transplantation into mice, cells become insulin and C-peptide immunoreactive and produce plasma C-peptide in response to glucose. The results of the study suggest that embryonic germ cell derivatives (e. g. ILCs, etc. ) may eventually function as a potent insulin producing cells .The use of islet-derived or stem cell therapy using embryonic cells remain experimental due to the challenges of cellular differentiation. Currently, the problems being faced by the treatment is the availability of stem cells that can possess the appropriate capacity to induce cellular differentiation and regeneration. According to the mentioned studies, simple cellular implantation is not entirely enough due to the greater risks imposed by the bodys physiological reaction against islet grafts.Hence, another issue arises in determining the trump out anti-immunity function or tolerance enhancer of islet graft transplants although, latter studies have already discovered potential enhancers that can disregard or at least lessen the impact of cellular degradation brought by DMT1 immunity. Lastly, new advances of genetic modification techniques that shall increase cellular differentiation and renewal rates are already in the process of development. 5. Discussion In the research of Froud, Ricordi and Baidal, islet stem cells are cultured under steroid-free immunosuppression and are transplanted to 16 DMT1 samples.The cultured islet stem cells have undergone a period of in vitro culture-process with heightened necrosis resistance through TNF- a (Tumor Necrosis Factor) blockade that aim to improve islet engraftment and provide alternative to fresh human islet transportation. The results of the study suggest that the implantation of cultured human islet allografts cause a reproducible insulin independence in all subjects under the series immune suppressant drug infusions (a. intial Infliximab infusion, b. daclizumab and c. irolimus maintenance), comparable to that of freshly transplanted islets (Edmonton protocol) .In the absence of supplemental infusions (nfliximab, daclizumab and sirolimus), the results of the study have incurred 11/14 (79%) subjects that produced insulin independence at 1 year, while other 6/14 (43%) samples have gained this capacity after 18 months. Surprisingly, the said(prenominal) test subject s have maintained their insulin independence until 33 6 month span. Furthermore, the findings have observed that patients are able to maintain their graft function while under the immunosuppressing infusions.According to the results, 8 out of 14 patients have suffered chronic partial graft losses that are likely immunological in nature considering that 5 of these already received supplemental infusions. Currently, 11 out of 14 subjects are in the receiving immunosuppressing infusions, and 8 (73%) of these are already manifesting insulin independence. The study significantly demonstrates the possibility of withholding the immunologic response upon exposure to certain immunosuppressant (e. g. nfliximab, daclizumab and sirolimus, etc. ).Although, the study has not mentioned the possible side effects and complications that such infusion can provide towards the body as a whole. However, since the stem cells are the only ones infused with these immunosuppressants, the chances of systemic immunosuppression are less likely as long as the dosage infused with the stem cells remain appropriate and feasible to the bodys normal function. In another culture study brought by Pinzon, Lakey and Brand (2005), they have used the combination of epidermal growth factor (EFG) and gastrin in order to induce beta cell neogenesis specifically on pancreatic exocrine duct cells .These growth factors also carry the risk of triggering extensive cellular neoplasia over-cellular propagation although, studies have already found drug induced techniques that can contain the cellular differentiation and regeneration upon introduction within the body system. In the study, human islet cells are placed under four weeks culture study in a serum-free medium with EGF (0. 3 g/ml) as the control variable and gastrin content of 1. 0 g/ml.Beta cells have shown significant increase in cultures with the combined medium of EGF and gastrin (+118%), while +81% for cultures with EGF alone. The EGF-gastrin cu lture has been observed again for the beside four weeks, but without the said combination. Impressive results have shown beta cells progressive increase in quantity for the culture previously infused with both EGF and gastrin (+232%). Comparing these results from the latter discussed studies, EGF and gastrin have actually trigger cellular differentiation and self-duplication due to their growth factor properties.In the study of Suarez-Pinzon and Rabinovitch (2008), gastrin growth factor combined with epidermal growth factor (EGF) can actually restore pancreatic islet beta-cell mass and even reverse hyperglycemia even in the absence of immunotherapy in mice samples with artificially induced-DMT1. regression of hyperglycemia is most likely due to the increase in insulin production that counters the effects of DMS1. With the appropriate amounts of insulin secretion in the blood, the glucose tonicity will consequently be absorbed by the cells granted that the diabetic anomaly does not consider the insulin receptor functionalities within cellular surfaces.In the study, EGF dose of 10 microg/kg and gastrin dose of 30 microg/kg via intraperitoneally have been administered to 10 sample DMT1 mice. In terms of glucose levels, the samples have shown a marked decline from blood glucose of 23 +/- 2 mmol/L to 12 mmol/L within 36 days of individual EGF administration, while 19 days in individual gastrin administration. When combined, the decline in the samples glucose levels is already present within 11 days.In addition, the cellular islet counts have increased from 13. 0 +/- 0. x 10(5) cells to 29 +/- 2 x 10(5)cells, and considering the marked decrease of surrounding CD45+ leukocytes have also been observed. Therefore, such combination (EGF plus Gastrin) is confirmed to reduce blood glucose levels, prevent autoimmune activity of DMT1 mediated CD4 cells and increase cellular differentiation. Lastly, aside from hESCs and cultured islet transplants, another potential source of stem cells currently being studied is from animals, known as xenogeneic sources . Pig islets are considered the best option available for xenogeneic transplants.According to Rother and Harlan (2004), such potential alternative are now being studied for different considered potentials, such as Pig islets have been considered as potential source of islet stem cells aside from human source (a) The fact that humans had been treated with pig insulin for more than 60 years (b) Favorable husbandry in that the species has large litters with offspring that attain adult size rapidly and with relatively robust islet numbers (c) The fact that pig islets respond to glucose in the same physiological glucose range as human islets (d) Existence of suitable societal-cultural relationship between the speciesDespite of the potential capacity of pig islets in acting as alternative stem cell resource, studies (Hering, Wijkstrom and Graham et al. , 2006 Rood, Buhler and Bottino, 2006) have identified its increased immuno-response towards CTL and autoimmune attacks initiated by DMT1 disease. Autoimmune attacks are the principal conflict considered in the process of islet transplantation wherein even if the graft has been successfully implanted, the risk of failure in the procedure is still considered possible considering the effects of autoimmunity triggered by increased antigenicity in the graft transplant.In one study, acute rejection caused the death of two macaque samples through cellular rejection mediated by CD4+ and CD*+ T cells and macrophages . In order to increase the effectiveness of xenografts after post-transplant phase, different culture infusions have been studied to prolong the life of pig islets xenografts. CD4 antibodies are usually being activated upon detecting significant system foreign antigens, which are usually introduced by bacteria, virus or any material that enters the body systems.In this principle, researchers (Kirchhof, Shibata and Wikkstrom et al. 004) have pointed their assumptions in the possible presence of antigens within xenotransplanted islet grafts. In addition, cellular infusions are considered to be at great risk due to the potential intrusion of incompatible antigens that might induce transplant rejection, and eventually autoimmune degradation of transplanted islet cells in the body. This condition is currently under extensive analysis and consideration since even with successful islet transplant, autoimmune response due to heightened cellular antigenicity can still pose the failure of the stem cell therapy.Due to this genetic dilemma, some studies (Kirchhof, Shibata and Wikkstrom et al. 2004 Komoda, S. Miyagawa and T. Omori et al. , 2004) have focused in determining the potential drug enhancers that can improve transplant antigenicity, especially among xenogeneic sources. First, with the infusion of islets from N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-III (GnT-III) transgenic pigs, pig islets xenoantigenicity have significa ntly declined prolonging the survival of islets for the next five days of culture study. In another study, pig islets subjected for xenotransplantation are tested with alginate encapsulation.The transplant to tested in a primate, specifically a monkey-Cynomolgus maccacus . Adult pig islets encapsulated in alginate under optimal conditions (n=7) or not (n=5) are transplanted under the kidney capsule of the non-diabetic primate sample. Meanwhile, additional samples have received empty capsules (n=1) and non-encapsulated pig islets (n=2) as controls . The results of the study show the rapid inviability of non-encapsulated and encapsulated islets with no alginate and not in optimal condition.Implanted pig islets under optimum alginate encapsulation showing significant prolonged islet survival for as long as six months. However, despite of the experimental success, the study still regards the conflicts encountered by the processes (e. g. variations of graft antigenicity, etc). 6. Conclus ion DMT1 is a condition manifested by increased and rat manifestations of hyperglycemia caused by the insufficient production or depleted insulin levels. The most universally recognized cause of beta cell destruction is the autoimmune etiology caused by CD4 interleukins, and other associate antibodies.The aims of the therapy are the induction of cellular differentiation while facilitating as well the renewal of the existing and pre-existing beta cells in the islet graft transplant or in the remaining original islets. However, the principal conflict of the procedure is the interference caused by the autoimmune reaction of the body towards the transplanted islet grafts although, recent studies have continuously explored different possibilities of suppressing autoimmune responses and forcing cellular activities.Stem cell therapy is a potential prospect for permanently treating the condition of DMT1 considering the main concept involved in its pathogenesis destruction of beta cell or insulin producing cells. The processes, physiology and pathological considerations in the stem cell therapy of islet transplant involve the criticality of autoimmune response towards the islet transplant.The controversy of such treatment is the effectiveness of implanting whether the islet cells containing stem cells based on the concept of cellular differentiation or islet cells with pre-existing beta cells based on the concept of cellular self-renewal. Despite of the argument between the two perspectives involve, another main issue arises, specifically the scarcity of stem cell from allogeneic donors. According to the approximated statistics, only 750 cased of DMT1 have successfully obtained the stem cell transplant of islet cells considering the billions of other DMT1 patients existing.In order to resolve such scarcity, various forms of stem cell resources have been proposed and are currently under extensive studies, specifically (1) human embryonic stem cells, (2) cultured islet stem cells, and (3) xenogeneic sources specifically the pig islet stem cells. According to most studies, autoimmune damage progress if cell count of beta cells is introduced insufficiently to the recipient body although, stem cell therapy is nearing towards its potential of being a significant cure as beta cell replacement and insulin producer.